A double-neck guitar is a unique instrument that combines two necks and, typically, six or twelve strings. The purpose of this design is to enable the musician to switch quickly between two different types of guitars in one instrument. This allows the player to access a wider range of sounds and tones in their performance. A double-neck guitar can provide greater versatility when playing live performances as it eliminates the need for quick changes between guitars during set breaks.
Contents:
- Double-Neck Guitar: A Comprehensive Guide
- Section 1: Overview of a Double-Neck Guitar
- What is a double-neck guitar?
- Brief history and evolution of the double-neck guitar
- Types of double-neck guitars available in the market
- Section 2: Construction and Design Features
- Different components that make up a double-neck guitar
- Types of wood used in construction
- Customizations and modifications possible with a double-neck guitar
- Section 3: Playing Techniques and Advantages
- Unique playing techniques made possible with a double-neck guitar
- Advantages over traditional single neck guitars for certain styles of music
- Key considerations when transitioning from single to double neck playing
- Section 4: Famous Musicians Who Used Double Neck Guitars
- Iconic musicians who incorporated the instrument into their music
- Genres where the double-neck guitar has become popular
- Contribution of these artists in evolving the instrument’s popularity
- Section 5: Buying Guide for Double Neck Guitars
- Factors to consider while selecting a suitable model
- Price range, durability, portability, etc
- Best brands/models based on expert opinions
Double-Neck Guitar: A Comprehensive Guide
Double-neck guitars have come a long way from the days of early rock and roll. In the 1950s, pioneering musicians began experimenting with combining two guitar necks into one instrument to create unique sonic textures for their music. This type of guitar has been used in countless recordings throughout the decades, providing players with an abundance of versatility. Today, modern double-neck guitars are widely available and feature an array of features designed to take your playing to the next level.
The most common type of double-neck guitar is a twelve-string on top with six strings on bottom. The twelve-string produces a bright, shimmering tone while the six-string provides greater clarity and articulation. Many double neck models come with both electric and acoustic pickups or even hollowbody construction to further expand their tonal range. Many modern artists opt for this combination when they want to cover multiple genres within one song without having to switch instruments between takes.
When it comes to controlling these instruments, some double neck guitars feature independent control systems so that you can adjust each neck separately for more precise tonal shaping and creative effects like tremolo bar action or reverb controls. While these multi-functional instruments may seem complicated at first glance, getting familiarized with all its components will reward you greatly in terms of musical expression and creativity.
Section 1: Overview of a Double-Neck Guitar
A double-neck guitar is a unique instrument that allows for a greater level of versatility than a traditional guitar. It has two necks, one with six strings and the other with twelve strings, allowing for different sound combinations and playing styles. The double-neck guitar was initially created in the early 1950s by Gibson Guitar Corporation as an attempt to provide more options for studio recording sessions. Since then, it has become popular among both amateur and professional musicians alike.
A double-neck guitar can be used for live performances or studio recordings, offering up two different sounds at once. This eliminates the need to switch guitars between songs or during solos, which can be time consuming and disruptive to a performance. Many players also choose to tune each neck differently, allowing them to create new sound possibilities without having to stop their show or session. This kind of flexibility makes it ideal for rock bands who want all their members in sync throughout their set list.
The twin necks also provide different techniques such as alternate picking and fingerstyle playing that would not be possible on a single neck instrument. With the dual necks of the double-necked model, musicians have much greater control over how they play their music while still maintaining the same musical style or feeling throughout their performance or recording session. This type of guitar can also accommodate various types of tunings depending on what type of sound you are looking for from your music – from classical pieces to jazz licks and intricate shredding riffs – making it perfect for just about any genre of music out there today.
What is a double-neck guitar?
A double-neck guitar is a unique instrument that is popular among many musicians. It combines two separate guitars – one with six strings and one with twelve – into a single unit. This provides the versatility of both instruments in one package, allowing musicians to play different genres or styles without having to switch between multiple instruments. With its unusual shape and design, it can be quite an eye-catching piece for any musician’s collection.
The double-neck guitar was first introduced by Gibson in 1959, but it has grown in popularity ever since. It is commonly used in rock and jazz music due to its range of tones, as well as its ability to quickly switch between styles when needed. The two necks are usually separated by either six or twelve frets; this allows for more complex chords and arpeggios than would otherwise be possible on just one neck alone. Some models have built-in electronics which allow for even greater control over the sound produced by the instrument.
One major advantage of owning a double-neck guitar is that it enables players to switch rapidly between genres while playing live shows. Instead of having to change guitars mid-set, they can simply move their hands up or down the neck depending on which style they want to play at any given time. This also gives them more freedom during improvisation, as they are able to easily transition from one genre to another without having to pause in between songs or parts of songs while making adjustments with other instruments onstage.
Brief history and evolution of the double-neck guitar
The double-neck guitar has been around for quite some time and is considered to be one of the earliest innovations in the electric guitar. It was invented by Gibson Guitar Company back in 1950, and its purpose was to create an instrument that could play two different sounds simultaneously. This gave musicians more freedom when it came to performing live, as they could switch between rhythm and lead with ease.
Over the years, many iconic performers have made use of double-neck guitars to deliver powerful performances on stage. Players like Led Zeppelin’s Jimmy Page or Black Sabbath’s Tony Iommi have used these instruments extensively throughout their careers to achieve unique sonic textures. Although originally designed for rock music, this type of guitar can also be heard in jazz fusion, progressive rock, metal and even country music.
Today’s modern double-neck guitars are highly versatile instruments that offer a range of tonal possibilities due to advances in electronics technology. They feature pickups such as humbuckers and single coils which allow players to access a huge array of tones from clean shimmering chords right through to roaring distortion riffs. Most models come equipped with built-in effects processors that enable musicians to shape their sound further – making them ideal for gigging musicians who need maximum sonic flexibility at their fingertips.
Types of double-neck guitars available in the market
Double-neck guitars have become increasingly popular among guitarists looking to diversify their sound and play multiple types of music. In the music industry, there are various types of double-neck instruments that can be purchased depending on what style you prefer.
The most common type is a Gibson EDS-1275 which features six strings in one neck and twelve strings in the other. This type of guitar has been around for many decades and used by some of the greatest musicians such as Jimmy Page from Led Zeppelin and Dave Grohl from Nirvana. It allows the player to easily switch between two different sets of strings with a single strumming motion, making it an ideal choice for artists who wish to quickly transition from acoustic sounds to electric ones without having to retune their instrument.
For those seeking something more unique, there are also 7/8 double-necks available on the market. These guitars feature seven or eight strings in each neck which creates an incredibly dynamic range of tones when played together. They are often favored by jazz players who like to incorporate both rhythm and lead elements into their performances. These models tend to be slightly heavier than standard double-necks due to extra components such as pickups, tremolos, and vibrato bars being added onto them.
If your preference leans towards classical pieces then there are 12 string versions out there as well which feature twelve individual strings on each neck for a total of twenty four separate playing possibilities. These instruments provide musicians with an almost limitless palette of tones that they can experiment with while performing traditional songs or even creating new compositions entirely from scratch.
Section 2: Construction and Design Features
A double-neck guitar, also known as a twin-neck guitar, is an instrument that features two distinct necks connected to the same body. This type of guitar has been around for many years, and it has become popular among certain genres of music, such as progressive rock and heavy metal. Many people are familiar with Jimmy Page’s signature Led Zeppelin song “Stairway to Heaven” where he plays a double-neck Gibson SG.
The construction of the double-neck guitar consists of two identical neck units joined together at either end and then affixed to one body or soundboard. Each unit contains its own fretboard, tuners, pickups, and bridge system that allows each individual neck to be tuned separately from the other. Depending on the model and make of the instrument, some guitars may feature different woods used in their construction or additional electronics that allow players to manipulate tone or even switch between necks quickly.
The design purpose behind a double-neck guitar is mainly geared toward playing both lead and rhythm parts within one song without having to switch instruments mid performance. The versatility of this type of instrument allows players to access multiple sounds from single unit during live performances or recording sessions which can save time in adjusting settings between takes or songs.
Different components that make up a double-neck guitar
A double-neck guitar is an instrument that consists of two guitar necks connected to the same body. The most common type of this guitar has a 12-string neck and a six-string neck, though there are other varieties available as well. This design gives musicians greater flexibility in their music, as they can play both lead and rhythm parts simultaneously.
The main components that make up a double-neck guitar are the body, which provides structural support; the bridge, which supports the strings and transfers sound vibrations from them to the body; pickups, which capture string vibrations and convert them into electrical signals; tone knobs, which control the volume and tone of each pickup; and finally, the tuning pegs or machine heads, which allow players to tune their instrument accurately. Each part plays an important role in producing great sounds when playing on a double-neck guitar.
In addition to these key components, many models also feature electronics such as effects loops or built-in distortion circuits for further sound manipulation capabilities. By utilizing different combinations of these features, experienced players can craft unique tones for any situation–from mellow jazz licks to shredding rock riffs.
Types of wood used in construction
A double-neck guitar, also known as a dual-neck or twin-neck guitar, is a unique instrument that offers musicians the option of two different playing styles. It has two necks with separate fingerboard configurations and allows for both electric and acoustic sounds to be played in one instrument. While having the same basic construction of any other guitar, the differences lie in the choice of wood used to build it.
The body of the double-neck guitar is usually made from either mahogany or maple wood which is then covered by an outer finish such as lacquer or polyester. Mahogany provides warmth while maple adds brightness to sound; allowing players to achieve distinct tones depending on their needs. The neck may also be crafted from different types of woods including rosewood, walnut, ebony and even exotic species such as zebrawood and bubinga. Each type offers its own unique feel when fretting chords and gives off different overtones during play.
When selecting tuners for a double-neck guitar, several options are available such as those made from chrome or gold plated brass which offer excellent durability and tuning stability regardless of how many strings are being strung up on each neck. Other metals can also be chosen depending on personal preference such as aluminum which helps reduce weight yet still holds tune just like any other material would do so.
Choosing what kind of wood should go into building a double-neck guitar depends largely upon individual taste but can greatly influence its overall tone quality in positive ways if done right. By understanding what specific tonal properties each wood brings to an instrument’s sound character can help make this decision easier so that anyone can find the perfect match they seek without much hassle involved at all.
Customizations and modifications possible with a double-neck guitar
A double-neck guitar is an instrument of great potential for customization and modifications. It provides the musician with plenty of room to express their creativity. One can replace or upgrade the pickups, change the neck shape, add new finishes, as well as customize different parts like knobs, switches and bridges. This makes it possible to create a unique sound tailored specifically to an artist’s individual style.
The two necks also allow for two different tunings which may be used in tandem during performances or recordings. With this capability comes an array of possibilities for experimentation and combining sounds that would otherwise not be achievable on other types of guitars. By experimenting with these dual tunings, one can obtain a vast variety of tones – from acoustic-like sounds to distorted riffs.
Using effects pedals and other technologies such as loopers and synthesizers offer even more ways to expand on what’s possible with a double-neck guitar. Effects like chorus, delay, reverb, flanger and vibrato can all be easily incorporated into the sound via foot pedals connected directly to the instrument itself – further enriching its sonic capabilities in a live setting or while recording in a studio environment.
Section 3: Playing Techniques and Advantages
The double-neck guitar is an intriguing instrument, but many may not know what it can do. With the two necks of the guitar, the player has a variety of playing techniques and advantages that are hard to ignore. One such technique is crosspicking. This involves strumming patterns with alternating down and upstrokes across both necks at once. Another technique is called finger picking, which uses both hands in unison to move over strings on either neck while picking individual notes or chords with different fingers. Tapping techniques can also be used when playing on a double-necked guitar; this allows for faster melodic lines as well as intricate chord progressions using hammer-ons and pull-offs.
Another advantage of having a double-necked guitar is that one can quickly switch between electric and acoustic sounds without needing to change guitars altogether – something especially useful in live performances where time is often tight. Also, rather than attempting to reharmonize tunes within one neck due to its limited number of frets, you can use both necks simultaneously for more complex arrangements. With two independent pickups available on each side of the instrument, players have even greater control over their sound; being able to individually select pickup combinations via blend pots or switches allows for custom tones that suit the style and context of your performance – something only made possible by owning a double-necked guitar.
Unique playing techniques made possible with a double-neck guitar
A double-neck guitar is a musical instrument with two necks, each with its own set of strings. While they are sometimes used in traditional rock and roll bands, they have become increasingly popular among experimental musicians and even pop stars as a way to add unique textures to their songs. With the combination of two sets of strings, it is possible to achieve sounds that would be impossible with a single-necked guitar.
Double-neck guitars offer the player more control over the range and volume of sound they produce. By mixing different combinations of strings on both necks, one can create an almost infinite array of tones ranging from lush acoustic strums to powerful distorted licks. They also allow for multiple techniques such as using one neck for rhythm playing while using the other for lead solos or interspersing chords between arpeggios on separate necks. This provides an exciting canvas for creative expression when compared to conventional single neck guitars.
Double-neck guitars are capable of producing richer soundscapes than those produced by conventional instruments due to their wide range of available frequencies. Through proper tuning, one can emphasize certain notes or play harmonics that otherwise would not exist if using only a single necked instrument. This expanded frequency range allows them to mimic any desired tone or create entirely new ones – something which is especially useful in genres like ambient music where strange harmonic progressions are commonplace.
Advantages over traditional single neck guitars for certain styles of music
The double-neck guitar offers a unique advantage over traditional single neck guitars for certain styles of music. Musicians who play styles such as rock, jazz fusion, or country and western will benefit from having two necks on one instrument. For example, playing an open string solo with both hands simultaneously on the two different necks can create amazing sounds that aren’t possible to achieve with only one neck. By having two independent tuning sets available at once allows for rapid switching between tunings in live performances without having to retune the strings each time.
Since the double-neck guitar is significantly bigger than the traditional single-neck model, it provides more tonal possibilities due to its larger body size and longer scale length. This creates a richer sound that is perfect for genres such as classical and acoustic fingerstyle playing. Since there are now two separate instruments in one package it opens up additional opportunities to layer multiple parts together easily while also providing greater control over creating distinct tones per instrument.
For those looking to make their mark in the musical world, having a double-neck guitar may be just what you need. It offers an unprecedented level of versatility while still maintaining portability when compared with carrying around two full sized instruments separately. With this type of instrument you can explore many different sounds which have never been heard before – all without compromising your performance.
Key considerations when transitioning from single to double neck playing
When transitioning from playing a single-neck guitar to double-neck, there are many considerations that should be taken into account. One of the first things to consider is the neck length of each side. A longer neck can offer more fingerboard space and greater reach when playing chords or melodies. However, shorter necks may provide a more comfortable fretting experience for those with smaller hands or those looking for an easier transition from a traditional six string setup. The choice between a six and twelve string configuration can also make all the difference in determining how well one plays on the instrument.
The weight of each side must also be considered since heavier instruments can lead to fatigue during extended practice sessions or performance sets. Lighter bodies are recommended for newer players as it will reduce any strain on their wrist and arms while still providing adequate sound quality and resonance in both necks. One should look into the type of pickups used in each model as they play an important role in achieving desired tones across different styles of music. Humbuckers tend to produce warmer sounds while single coils are brighter but may sacrifice some low end articulation depending on what type of music is being played.
Although this isn’t always necessary with certain types of double-neck guitars, having two separate output jacks allows one to send different signals through amplifiers or processors simultaneously which increases versatility when creating complex sounds onstage or in the studio setting.
Section 4: Famous Musicians Who Used Double Neck Guitars
Many of the most iconic guitarists in music history have embraced the versatility of the double necked electric guitar. Jimmy Page, one of rock n’ roll’s greats, is known for playing a Gibson EDS-1275 with two necks throughout his career. He relied on this instrument to create some of Led Zeppelin’s greatest riffs and solos. At Live Aid in 1985, Eric Clapton made sure that he had his Double Fender Stratocaster close by so he could switch back and forth between necks while performing as part of Band Aid. And Slash’s signature top hat wouldnning signature red Gibson Les Paul with two necks was a trademark image during Guns N Roses rise to fame in the late 80’s and early 90’s.
More recently, modern day musicians are still relying on the double necked guitar as an essential tool to their sound or live performances – such as John Mayer who regularly switches between electric and acoustic sounds using a unique four-necked hybrid guitar created specifically for him by Ernie Ball Music Man. Similarly, Gary Clark Jr has often been seen switching from his trusty single cutaway Gretsch White Falcon to an orange SG style six-string with twelve strings at concerts around the globe.
The double neck guitar continues to evolve today as new models emerge featuring increased versatility through additional features like humbuckers or MIDI capabilities along with traditional options like different scale lengths on each neck offering endless possibilities for creating layers of tone both live and in studio recordings.
Iconic musicians who incorporated the instrument into their music
Since its invention in the early 1900s, the double-neck guitar has been a favorite of musicians looking to make their performances more dynamic. While it can be used for many different purposes, the instrument is perhaps best known for its iconic use by some of music’s biggest stars.
The dual neck guitar was popularized by Led Zeppelin legend Jimmy Page during his tenure with the legendary band. During their unforgettable live shows, Page would often switch between electric and acoustic guitars during solos – all while making it look effortless. Other artists such as Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead were also adept at incorporating both necks into their sets, often weaving intricate melodies on one string while alternating with full chord progressions on the other.
In addition to these rock and roll stalwarts, several country icons have utilized double neck guitars in their work as well. Ricky Skaggs’ stunning 12-string ‘Super Glide’ gives fans something special when he busts out a traditional bluegrass number, and Vince Gill’s custom 6-string adds an extra layer of complexity to his beloved ballads. All told, this unique instrument has allowed countless performers over the decades to create truly captivating performances that will be remembered for years to come.
Genres where the double-neck guitar has become popular
The double-neck guitar has become a symbol of rock music and its unique design makes it an intriguing instrument. However, the instrument is versatile and can be used to play several genres of music. In particular, this special guitar has been adopted by modern metal bands, as well as country acts and jazz fusion performers.
Heavy metal bands like Led Zeppelin famously played this guitar in their concerts to create a stunning visual effect with swirling riffs that drew inspiration from all corners of the musical world. On stage, the dual necks gave them access to two distinct tones while their rhythm section remained intact with just one musician. This allowed for creative songwriting techniques such as sudden tempo changes without compromising the overall flow or structure of the song.
In more recent times, a number of country artists have also chosen to use double-neck guitars during their performances. Country star Vince Gill is known for his virtuosic performance on two necks – often trading solos between each one – in order to create unique sounds that draw from both traditional Americana roots music and modern pop sensibilities at once. Jazz fusion players also love these instruments because they offer lots of flexibility when playing intricate parts; having access to both electric and acoustic strings allows for faster transitions between different keys or even tempos within the same solo.
Double-neck guitars are popular among many genres due to their versatility and creative potential when placed in experienced hands. By carefully blending multiple sounds together through this special instrument’s power, musicians can achieve remarkable musical results that could not have been accomplished any other way.
Contribution of these artists in evolving the instrument’s popularity
The double-neck guitar is an instrument with two necks, each of which has its own tuning. The versatility that this affords makes it a very attractive option for musicians looking to blend multiple genres and styles into one performance. From jazz to classical and rock, the double-neck guitar can be used to create unique combinations of sounds without needing two separate instruments.
Over the decades, there have been many renowned artists who have pushed the boundaries of what’s possible with this distinctive instrument. Jimmy Page, for instance, popularised the use of a double-neck Gibson EDS-1275 in Led Zeppelin’s live shows and studio albums from 1969 onwards – most notably on their iconic song ‘Stairway To Heaven’. Similarly, John McLaughlin revolutionised fusion music by combining elements from Indian classical music with those found in blues and jazz through his innovative work on his twin necked Ovation electric guitar during his tenure as part of Shakti in 1976.
More recently, Joe Bonamassa has continued to blaze a trail by using custom built double-necks in order to traverse between classic rock riffs and deep delta blues jams; while progressive metal band Dream Theater rely heavily on guitarist John Petrucci’s signature Ernie Ball Music Man signature model six string/twelve string hybrid to help craft some truly gargantuan performances throughout their celebrated career spanning over thirty years thus far.
By consistently pushing the limits of what can be achieved both onstage and in recording studios around the world with this unique type of instrumentation, these pioneering artists have made a significant contribution towards growing its popularity amongst modern players everywhere.
Section 5: Buying Guide for Double Neck Guitars
Buying a double-neck guitar can be a tricky process, as the market offers a variety of models with different features. Before making your purchase, it is important to consider which type of instrument best suits your needs and preferences. To assist in this endeavor, here is an overview of what to look for when buying a double-neck guitar.
When researching guitars, take into account the neck construction and scale length. For example, many models feature two different lengths – one designed for playing lead and another designed for rhythm parts – but you may find that some instruments have the same length on both necks. When looking at neck materials you will likely come across options such as mahogany or rosewood; these choices may impact both tone quality and playability so take them into consideration when choosing an instrument.
Before selecting any double-neck guitar make sure you also assess its hardware components – pickups, bridges and tuning machines are all important factors in determining sound quality. You should evaluate each component separately before taking all elements into account as a whole; this way you can ensure that the model meets your expectations from both sonic performance and intonation stability perspectives.
Don’t forget to check out the aesthetics of the instrument; while they won’t affect your sound quality directly they may still influence how comfortable you feel playing it live or recording in studio settings. If possible try out several models until you find one that feels right and makes you want to rock.
Factors to consider while selecting a suitable model
Making the right choice of double-neck guitar is not an easy task. After all, there are many different shapes, sizes and designs available in the market. To ensure that you end up with an instrument that meets your expectations, it is important to consider a few key factors before making a purchase.
The first factor to keep in mind while selecting a double-neck guitar is your playing style. Depending on how advanced you are as a musician, there will be certain features that you need from your guitar. Advanced players may prefer electric models which have multiple sound control options such as tone knobs and switches for creating unique effects or amplifying their sound. Beginners may benefit more from acoustic double-neck guitars which are easier to handle and require less maintenance.
Another thing to think about when choosing a suitable model is its size and weight. Since these instruments have two necks attached to each other, they tend to be heavier than regular guitars – this means you need something comfortable enough for prolonged use during practices or gigs. It should also fit easily into gig bags so that it can be carried around conveniently without any hassle.
Make sure that the hardware components of the instrument are made out of good quality materials like stainless steel and brass alloy bridges and fret boards which will guarantee excellent performance over time without needing too much upkeep. The body should also be crafted using high grade woods like spruce and cedar as they provide superior resonance compared to cheaper alternatives such as plywood or laminate bodies used by some budget models on the market today.
Price range, durability, portability, etc
When it comes to investing in a double-neck guitar, many musicians might be hesitant due to the higher price tag. Fortunately, there are various levels of quality that accommodate any budget; from affordable models made with laminate wood materials up to professional grade instruments crafted with solid woods. While the cost may vary greatly, one thing is certain – double-neck guitars have the potential to last for decades if cared for properly.
The portability of such an instrument can’t be overlooked either. Many modern models offer lightweight designs and adjustable neck positions for easy transport and setup at live shows or practice sessions. The combination of durability and portability make double-neck guitars suitable for gigging musicians as well as studio professionals alike.
Certain guitars may feature additional perks such as built-in effects like distortion or overdrive pedals which help expand sound capabilities even further. Having these onboard tools on hand can prove helpful when creating more dynamic sounds during jamming or recording sessions without having to bring along bulky gear accessories.
Best brands/models based on expert opinions
For the discerning guitarist looking for an instrument that offers two distinct sounds in a single package, there are several models of double-neck guitars from some of the world’s leading manufacturers. From hollow body electric hybrids to acoustic-electric blends, these instruments provide plenty of versatility and have been endorsed by renowned musicians around the globe.
Gibson is one brand with several well-regarded models, such as their signature Jimmy Page Les Paul model which boasts separate six and twelve string necks. This stunningly beautiful guitar was originally designed for Led Zeppelin’s Jimmy Page and has become an iconic representation of his style of music. Similarly, Gibson’s unique Sonex 180 Deluxe Double Cutaway features two 24¾ inch scale length necks and a pair of humbucking pickups giving it tremendous tonal range when switching between its four outputs.
Fender also offers some excellent choices in double-neck guitars with their American Professional II line up including both solid body electric models with 12 strings and 6 strings on either side along with the semi-hollow body Coronado Vibrato edition boasting 22 frets on each neck. The Semi Acoustic Telecaster Custom model is another popular choice due to its vintage looks, rounded tone controls and classic Fender sound that easily transitions from mellow jazz riffs to rock solos while remaining smooth throughout.
Yamaha produces quality double-necks as well such as their Pacifica 812V Electric Guitar series featuring two types of pickups – traditional stacked humbuckers or single coils depending on your preference – giving players access to a wide range of tones at any given moment. For those seeking more power in an acoustic version, the company’s AEX500N Electro Acoustic Guitar also sports dual necks but maintains Yamaha’s renowned build quality resulting in clear notes without unwanted distortion even when playing at higher volumes.
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